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1 Institute for Medicine and Engineering
2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
3 Department of Bioengineering
4 Center for Bioinformatics
5 Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
6 AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mereside Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
Although mRNA amplification is necessary for microarray analyses from limited amounts of cells and tissues, the accuracy of transcription profiles following amplification has not been well characterized. We tested the fidelity of differential gene expression following linear amplification by T7-mediated transcription in a well-established in vitro model of cytokine [tumor necrosis factor 
(TNF)]-stimulated human endothelial cells using filter arrays of 13,824 human cDNAs. Transcriptional profiles generated from amplified antisense RNA (aRNA) (from 100 ng total RNA, 
1 ng mRNA) were compared with profiles generated from unamplified RNA originating from the same homogeneous pool. Amplification accurately identified TNF-induced differential expression in 94% of the genes detected using unamplified samples. Furthermore, an additional 1,150 genes were identified as putatively differentially expressed using amplified RNA which remained undetected using unamplified RNA. Of genes sampled from this set, 67% were validated by quantitative real-time PCR as truly differentially expressed. Thus, in addition to demonstrating fidelity in gene expression relative to unamplified samples, linear amplification results in improved sensitivity of detection and enhances the discovery potential of high-throughput screening by microarrays.
high-throughput screening; quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; tumor necrosis factor; false discovery rate
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